Comparison of body composition and adipokine levels between thin and normal-weight prepubertal children / Comparação da composição corporal e dos níveis de adipocina entre crianças pré-púberes magras e com peso normal

Abstract Objective: Thinness can have substantial consequences for child development and health. Adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, play a significant role in the regulation of important metabolic functions. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between body composition and serum leptin and adiponectin levels in thin and normal-weight children. Methods: The authors examined 100 healthy prepubertal children, who were divided into two subgroups: thin (n = 50) and normal-weight children (n = 50). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum concentrations of adipokines were determined by immunoenzymatic assays. Results: Thin children had a similar body height but significantly lower (p < 0.0001) body weight, body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content compared with normal-weight children. Serum concentrations of leptin were about 2-fold lower (p < 0.0001) in thin vs. normal-weight subjects. Serum levels of total adiponectin, adiponectin multimers, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) were similar in both groups. The leptin/soluble leptin receptor ratio and leptin/adiponectin ratios were lower (p < 0.0001) in thin vs. normal-weight children. In both groups of children, it was found that body composition parameters were positively related with leptin but not with adiponectin levels. Additionally, bone mineral content was positively related with body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, and leptin level in thin and normal-weight children. Conclusions: Prepubertal thin children have disturbances in body composition and adipokine profile. Early recognition of thinness and determination of body composition parameters and adipokine levels can be useful in medical and nutritional care of thin children for the optimization of bone mineral accrual.

Resumo Objetivo: A magreza pode ter consequências substanciais para o desenvolvimento e a saúde das crianças. As adipocinas, inclusive a leptina e a adiponectina, desempenham um papel significativo na regulação de importantes funções metabólicas. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as associações entre a composição corporal e os níveis séricos de leptina e adiponectina em crianças magras e com peso normal. Métodos: Examinamos 100 crianças pré-púberes saudáveis, divididas em dois subgrupos: crianças magras (n = 50) e com peso normal (n = 50). A composição corporal foi avaliada pelo método de absorciometria de dupla energia de raios X. As concentrações séricas das adipocinas foram determinadas por ensaios imunoenzimáticos. Resultados: As crianças magras apresentaram altura semelhante, porém peso corporal (p < 0,0001), índice de massa corporal (IMC), massa gorda, massa magra e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) significativamente menores em comparação com crianças com peso normal. As concentrações séricas de leptina foram aproximadamente duas vezes mais baixas (p < 0,0001) em indivíduos magros do que em crianças com peso normal. Os níveis séricos de adiponectina total, multímeros de adiponectina e receptor de leptina solúvel (sOB-R) foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Os índices de leptina/sOB-R e leptina/adiponectina foram inferiores (p < 0,0001) em crianças magras do que crianças com peso normal. Em ambos os grupos de crianças descobrimos que os parâmetros de composição corporal estavam positivamente relacionados à leptina, porém não aos níveis de adiponectina. Além disso, observamos que o CMO estava positivamente relacionado ao IMC, à massa gorda, à massa magra e ao nível de leptina em crianças magras e com peso normal. Conclusões: As crianças pré-púberes magras têm alterações na composição corporal e no perfil de adipocinas. O reconhecimento precoce da magreza e a determinação dos parâmetros de composição corporal e dos níveis de adipocina podem ser úteis no cuidado médico e nutricional de crianças magras para aprimoramento do acúmulo mineral ósseo.

[Relationship between BMI and blood CRP and fibrinogen in obese, thin and normal weight among girl students]

Obesity due to inactivity and sedentary as an epidemic phenomenon is growing up. The purpose of this study is to determine correlation between obesity and thinness with blood CRP and fibrinogen in young girl students. In this study three groups of sixty girl students were selected: sixty girls overweight with BMI higher than 30, sixty girls with normal weight [18.5 up to 24.9] and sixty thin girls with BMI lower than 18.5kg/m2. The applied method was available method. Blood samples were collected for CRP and fibrinogen assessments. The Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Data analysis showed that there were positive and significant correlations between the amount of CRP and fibrinogen concentrations with obesity. Also, the higher amount of these values were seen in obese group [p<0.05]. Based on this study reducing weight in the form of body fat decreasing results in inflammation indices reduction which is related to low incidence of CHD in women and, also, it can reduce cardio-vascular disease danger among women

A pilot study on hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp based insulin sensitivity in young adult Indian males with low body mass index.

Background & objectives: Indians have decreased insulin sensitivity (IS) and a greater adiposity at a lower body mass index (BMI) when compared with other ethnic groups. Despite this, IS has not been studied in Indians of low BMI. This study thus used the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (HEC) technique to compare IS in young normal weight (NW) and low BMI (LBMI) Indian males. Clamp IS was also compared with convenient indices of insulin sensitivity such as the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). In the NW group, clamp IS was compared with published data of similarly measured IS in other studies and ethnic groups. Methods: Ten NW [body mass index (BMI): 18.5-25 kg/m2] and ten LBMI (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) young healthy Indian males aged between 19-32 yr were recruited through advertisements from Bangalore slums. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin, glucose disposal rates (GDR) and IS were the parameters measured during the HEC technique. Results: The NW group had a Clamp IS of 4.5 (3.8, 5.3) (median, lower, upper quartile, mg/(kg. min)/μU/ml) that was close to half that of the LBMI group; 9.9 (7.1, 13.4: P<0.001). Clamp IS in the NW group was significantly lower than that observed in published studies involving other ethnic groups (P<0.05). Clamp IS and per cent body fat (% BF), were significantly and negatively correlated (n=20, ρ = -0.7, P<0.001). Correlations between Clamp IS and other IS indices ranged from ρ = -0.5 for HOMA2-%B to ρ = 0.5 for HOMA2-%S (P<0.05); however, the correlation with HOMA1-IR was not significant (ρ = 0.4). Interpretation & conclusions: The significantly lower Clamp IS of the NW group compared with the LBMI group and other ethnic groups indicated that IS was impaired in Indians at relatively low BMIs. Most of the convenient indices of IS were significantly correlated with Clamp IS, however, the Clamp IS was more sensitive method with greater discriminatory power, since IS differences between LBMI and NW groups were only apparent with Clamp IS.

Overcoming metabolic syndrome in severe obesity: adiponectin as a marker of insulin sensitivity and HDL-cholesterol improvements after gastric bypass / Reversão da síndrome metabólica na obesidade mórbida: adiponectina como um marcador da sensibilização à insulina e do aumento do HDL-colesterol após o bypass gástrico

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between adiponectin and metabolic parameters in severely obese women during surgical-induced weight loss. METHODS: Nineteen lean (CT - BMI:21.2 ± 0.3 kg.m²), 14 overweight/class II obese (OB/OW - BMI: 29.7 ± 0.7 kg/m²) and 8 morbidly obese (OBIII - BMI: 56.4 ± 3.6 kg/m²) were evaluated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, adiponectin, and lipids. OBIII were evaluated at 5th and 16th month post-operatively. RESULTS: Compared to lean, obese groups had lower adiponectin (OB/OW: 9.4 ± 0.9, OBIII: 7.1 ± 1.3 versus 12.2 ± 0.9 ng/dL; p < 0.01), lower HDL-cholesterol (OB/OW:1.05 ± 0.05, OBIII: 0.88 ± 0.04 versus 1.22 ± 0.07 mmol/L; p < 0.01) and insulin resistance-IR (glucose uptake, M-value - OB/OW: 43.6 ± 2.7, OBIII: 32.4 ± 3.2 versus 20.0 ± 1.8 umol/kgFFM.min; p < 0.001). Considering all subjects, adiponectin levels were inversely correlated to BMI and waist circumference, and directly to M-value and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.01). During weight loss, improvements in IR (Study III: 36.1 ± 3.9 umol/kg/FFM.min, p < 0.0001), adiponectin (11.8 ± 1.4 ng/dL, p = 0.006) and HDL-cholesterol were observed (1.10 ± 0.04 mmol/L, p = 0.007). Moreover, HDL-cholesterol improvement was significantly and independently related to variations of adiponectin and BMI (r² = 0.86; p < 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: The improvements of IR and adiponectin were related to surgical-induced weight loss, suggesting an important role of adiponectin in HDL-cholesterol regulation.

OBJETIVO: Identificar a relação entre adiponectina e parâmetros metabólicos em mulheres obesas mórbidas durante o emagrecimento por bypass gástrico. MÉTODOS: Dezenove magras (CT - IMC: 21,2 ± 0,3 kg/m²), 14 com sobrepeso/obesidade classe II (OB/OW - IMC: 29,7 ± 0,7 kg/m²) e oito obesas classe III (OBIII - IMC:56,4 ± 3,6 kg/m²) foram avaliadas pelo clamp euglicêmico-hiperinsulinêmico, adiponectina e lípides. OBIII submeteram-se aos mesmos testes no quinto e décimo-sexto mês pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: comparados a CT, os grupos obesos tiveram menor adiponectinemia (OB/OW: 9,4 ± 0,9, OBIII: 7,1 ± 1,3 versus 12,2 ± 0,9 ng/dL; p < 0,01), menor HDL-colesterol (OB/OW: 1,05 ± 0,05, OBIII: 0,88 ± 0,04 versus 1,22 ± 0,07 mmol/L; p < 0,01) e resistência insulínica - RI (captação de glicose, M - OB/OW:43,6 ± 2,7, OBIII:32,4 ± 3,2 versus 20,0 ± 1,8 umol/kgFFM.min; p < 0,001). Analisando todos os voluntários: adiponectina correlacionou-se negativamente com IMC, circunferência da cintura e positivamente ao M-clamp e HDL-colesterol (p < 0,01). No emagrecimento, houve melhora da RI (Estudo III:36,1 ± 3,9 umol/kgFFM.min, p < 0,0001), adiponectina (11,8 ± 1,4 ng/dL, p = 0,006) e HDL-colesterol (1,10 ± 0,04 mmol/L, p = 0,007). Aumentos do HDL-colesterol foram significativa e independentemente relacionados às variações da adiponectina e IMC (r² = 0,86; p < 0,0002). CONCLUSÕES: A melhora da RI e adiponectina no emagrecimento induzido por bypass gástrico sugerem um importante papel da adiponectina na regulação do HDL-colesterol.

C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in overweight and healthy adults.

This study aimed to 1) compare levels of high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) between overweight Thais and apparently healthy controls, and 2) investigate the association between serum hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels and other biochemical parameters. A total of 180 health-conscious adults aged 25-60 years, who resided in Bangkok, participated in this study. No significant difference was found in age and sex between the overweight subjects and controls. Serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, glucose, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were determined in these volunteers. The mean levels of white blood cells (WBC), uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and hs-CRP were significantly higher in the overweight subjects than those in the controls, whereas high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) values were significantly higher in the controls than the overweight subjects (p < 0.05). Hs-CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with levels of TG, BMI, WC, HC and WHR. HDL-C levels were significantly negative correlated with hs-CRP levels. In conclusion, the prevalence of elevated serum hs-CRP levels was higher in overweight subjects than controls. However, more data in larger and other population groups are needed to confirm this study.